Psyc 360, November 13

some are out of order...

Notes: 10/29 to 11/12
Social loafing
reduction of individul effort when working with others on an additive task
group product is sum of indistinguishable individual contributions

ringelman:agricultural experimenter

rope tugging task

• IV:increase size of group
• DV: kg/person pulled
• 1 person : 63kg
• 3 persons: 160 (should do 189, 85% capacity)
• 8 people 248 kg (should do 500ish, 49% capacity)

Shouting study ~~~

2. Social Facilitation:~~~

Rusbult Investnebt theory:~~~

• things that predict commitment , correlations from Vanlange study

1. Investment- .23 kids, home, time
2. Satisfaction .58
3. Alternatives -.23 more alternativesm less committed

Darley and Latane

Siezure

• IV alone or not
• DV: who helps within 60 seconds
• alone: 85%, 100% by 3 min
• +1 62 82 by 6 min
• +4 31 61 by 6

attachment theories

1. secure
2. avoidant
3. anxious

commons something ~~~ will continue to give if people dont take too much from common pool (ie food pantry)

10/29
groups recap

- social loading - additive tasks, not identifiable, reduce effect
-social facilitation - presence of others, enhances dominant effec


3 theories
- mere presence: > alertness>arousal (blindfolded audience)
-evaluation apprehension:>arousal
-distraction >divided attention>conflict>arousal


effects of groups on individual behavior
-non performance behavior


Deindividuation losing oneself in a group, such that inner restraints are loosened

• --looting/rioting
• --fangirls
• --dancing at parties

Zimbardo: conditions of deindividuation

1. being in a group
2. arousal
3. anonymity
   
4. diffused responsibility

Diener: Trick or treating research

• IV: kids asked names/addresses or not, anonymity
• you may take one candy
• DV: steal candy or take moneys
• 500 took more candy/money
• about 25% alone, anonymous took, about 60% group anonymous took
• about 10% alone, individuated, took, about 22%, group individuated took

Can deindividuation unleash behavior?

Gergen: 8 strangers in a room for an hour.

IV: dark room v. lighted room

Dark

• 90% touched, 50%hugged, some kisses
• more self exposure, talked about intense issues
• enjoyed
• became more connected

Lighted

• no touching
• normal conversation
• didn't enjoy

student talked about a restaurant called the cave, where its really really dark and people steal others food etc. I couldn't find one here, but I found an article about one in london - Complete darkness


Perhaps deindividuation leads us to obey situational norms
negative norms> - behavior
+ norms> +behavior


Johnson and Downing

• IV: P's wear KKK hood or surgical scrubs, some anonymous, some not
• DV: shock level set for peer who fails task
• KKK-more shock
• Scrubs- less shock
• anonymity adds to higher extreme, anonymity in KKK increase aggression and in scrubs, decrease aggression

10-31 LAB
Antecedents of groupthink:

1. fear of failure
2. recent failure
3. ambiguous situation
4. limited info
   

symptoms of groupthink: when more are present, more likely to be groupthink, more likely to make bad decision

1. illusion of invulnerability
2. close mindedness
3. self censorship
4. direct pressure
5. mind guarding
6. illusion of unanimity
7. ?group cohesivness?
8. ?

to avoid groupthink:

1. open environment
2. avoid insulation
3. all be critical evaluators
4. authority avoid being directive
   

= reasonable decision
This happened with JFK


defective decision making!



Opposite of deindividuation: Self Awareness
When folks focus attn on themselves, evaluate and compare behavior to internal standards and values
Beamer: Trick or treating

• IV:mirror or not
• DV, steal
• mirror: 12%steal
• no mirror : 34% steal

Diener and Wallbom: cheating

• stop when timer goes off
• IV:mirror or not
• DV:taking more time=cheating
• mirror : 7%cheat
• no mirror 71% cheat

Attraction and close relationships
3 facts


1. proximity matters /propinquity

• more friends if you live near a mailbox
  
• physical: ~~~
• functional:~~~

2.physical attractiveness matters

• and judgments about attractive folks

3.similarity matters

• If you don't want commitment, you'll go for someone different than you, fling
• opposites attract usually means fling

Theories of attraction & Love
1. Balance theory
Heider(who is also the father of attribution) &Newcomb(who also did bennington study):
We like to organize our thought about people & objects in a way that is harmonious, consistent or balanced - Imbalance is Unpleasant
Triangles:









Quiz 11: Prosocial Behavior

According to the evolutionary psychology notion of kin selection, Bob is most likely to help:
his step-sister Sally.
his cousin Herbert.
his brother Ralph.
his best friend Randall.
answer:

Every morning at the bus stop, Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change. She is clearly hungry and alone. Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can imagine himself in her shoes, he makes a point of giving her some change each morning that he sees her. Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos’ behavior?

empathy-altruism hypothesis
kin selection
norm of reciprocity
social-exchange theory

A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true

John and Karen are equally likely to help both the woman and the man.
John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man.
John is more likely to help both the man and the woman.
John is more likely to help the man; Karen is more likely to help the woman.


Gillian is sitting in a crowded coffee shop when she hears the squeal of brakes and the crash of metal-on-metal, She looks around and notices that all the other customers remain engrossed in their conversations. Because these cool and calm responses _____, Gillian will be _____.

provide normative cues; more likely to go outside to help
reduce Gillian’ s sense of personal responsibility; less likely to go outside to help
increase pluralistic ignorance; less likely to assume it’s an emergency situation
decrease evaluation apprehension; more likely to go outside to help

Which of the following best summarizes the social exchange theory approach to helping?
Helping is an instinctive reaction to promote the welfare of those genetically similar to us.
The rewards of helping often outweigh the costs, so helping is in our self-interest.
We will be most likely to help when it will serve to protect our genes and those of our kin.
Under some conditions, powerful feelings of empathy and compassion for the victim prompt selfless giving.

jeopardy notes Lab 11-14
Contingency Theory
2 types of leaders
1.relationship oriented

• best when control is moderate
• more concentrated on workers feelings etc

2.task oriented

• get the job dne
• best when control is low or high

Attachment Theory, Lab

• -attachment style generally comes from mother-strain theory (moms leave child in room to test how they react)
  

1)secure attachment-60% of children

• -child is uneasy when mom leaves room but is stable when mom comes back and seeks comfort from mom
  

2) avoidant attachment

• -generally doesn't care if mom is there or not
  

3) anxious/ambivalent

• -child is extremely upset when mom leaves and inconsolable to a certain degree when mom returns-difficult to comfort
  

*there is mixed support for gender differences in this theory